The spirit of entrepreneurship has always been a part of Islam. Nine out of ten companions of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) who were guaranteed heaven were businessmen. Today, entrepreneurs continue to be a driving force of the economy. The lack of financial support for small and medium enterprises (SMEs), however, threatens the growth of entrepreneurial spirit. However, Islamic crowdfunding offers a unique solution to this problem. Its ability to reach the wider community, regardless of geography, is a key enabler to rally support and mobilise wealth that could fuel social and economic development. In essence, Islamic crowdfunding realises divine principles, which are supportive of community participation in developing businesses.
Despite their importance and impact to the economy, support to SMEs have been lacking, especially on the financing side. In Southeast Asia for instance, SMEs, on average, account for about 90% of total businesses and generate close to 70% of employment. Yet, less than 20% of SMEs in the region have access to bank loans as a means of financing. Strict banking regulations imposed after the global financial crisis in 2008 have made banks and most financial institutions increasingly risk-averse. Hence, there is a preference for banks to fund large corporates rather than SMEs. Additionally, minimal government schemesare in place to help the SME sector especially in emerging economies. This problem has resulted in large corporates growing bigger while SMEs face high failure rates.
The current use of Islamic finance has mainly benefited large corporates, while Islamic-based investments (outside of bank deposits) are mainly limited to high-net-worth individuals. Despite Shari’a focus on community support and involvement, the sector’s contribution to SMEs and social projects is at best minimal. Around 80% of Islamic inancial assets comprise bank lending. Islamic banks also face the increasingly stricter regulations that their conventional peers face. The focus on reducing risks means that lending to SMEs, which do not have fixed collateral and long operating history, is not a priority.
Sukuk is the second largest Islamic financial assets making up around 15% of total industry assets.
Sukuk is the second largest Islamic financial assets making up around 15% of total industry assets. Similarly, it is the large corporates, which tend to benefit from issuances of these instruments. There is little, if any, trickle-down impact to SMEs. Conversely, as the large corporates grow bigger they tend to crowd out smaller businesses.
Combining Islamic finance with crowdfunding has the potential to address financing issues faced by SMEs. Crowdfunding allows for a collective cooperation amongst individuals to pool resources for a cause, project or business they believe in. Its pro-community principle can be applied into supporting those in need of investments in real economic activities; in other words, the SMEs. Moreover, Islamic finance emphasises on equitable distribution of wealth.
This is evident in the maqasid al shari’a (objectives of Islamic Law) wherein resources from the surplus sectors should be transferred to the deficit sectors for wealth to be smoothly circulated and human welfare realised. Crowdfunding similarly embodies this objective – unlocking investments from the community to the businesses needing financing the most. Integrating both concepts can support overall community growth through increased entrepreneurial activities, while reducing inequality.
Islamic crowdfunding is an ethical form of financing and is not limited to Muslims only. It focuses on values and ethics – such as community development, honesty, and justice – which are universally accepted. As an example, an enterprise looking to fund activities that contribute to environmental pollution would not appeal to the public, more so to an Islamic crowdfunding platform. This resonates well with other investment screens such as Environmental, Sustainable and Governance (ESG) and socially responsible investing (SRI). The positive difference is that Islamic finance adds another filter based on Islamic Law, which Muslims believe is imposed to protect mankind. The filter prohibits the use of interest and excessive risk-taking or uncertainty, among other things.
Surely, there are challenges which could stifle the success of Islamic crowdfunding. First, the lack of knowledge on how Islamic finance and crowdfunding works. The use of Islamic finance structures are new to most people, especially as the use of conventional financing (interest-based) has become the norm in most communities. While Islamic finance structures such as murabaha (cost plus profit margin) and mudaraba (profit sharing) are relatively straightforward, but when it comes to finance and investment most people are apprehensive in trying something new. Furthermore, crowdfunding is a relatively new concept in developing markets, where SME financing is largely required. Thus, significant effort in educating the public about Islamic finance and crowdfunding is not only required but should be the order of the day.
The other big challenge is regulation. In the Islamic financing side, compliance is required to ensure that the financing meets all the requirements under the Islamic Law. Getting a third-party compliance is costly. However, this can be avoided by working closely with knowledgeable institutions such as universities or other Muslim scholar associations.
On the crowdfunding side, there remains a lack of regulation in Asia. While most governments provide some space for crowdfunding platforms to operate, as long as existing laws are not breached, the absent of regulatory clarity creates some uncertainty and concerns by the public on the legality of the investment platform. It also makes it harder for crowdfunding operators to openly market its services and educate the public.
These challenges are temporary and will help to boost Islamic crowdfunding when overcome. The growth prospect for Islamic crowdfunding is huge considering the relatively small market and massive demand for SME financing. We estimate total Islamic crowdfunding of US$30 million in 2015 versus the total crowdfunding market of SG$34 billion. One factor which may also boost the growth of the sector is the increased introduction of Islamic finance structures to meet the specific needs of SMEs and to limit the risks to investors. Most crowdfunding platforms currently use murabaha (cost plus profit margin) and mudaraba (profit sharing) contracts. Other structures which may be considered includes salam (forward financing transaction), ijara (leasing), and diminishing musyaraka (diminishing equity partnership).
Kapital Boost as one of the pioneer in Islamic Crowdfunding and a key founding member of the Islamic Fintech Alliance (islamicfintechalliance. com), is excited of the sector’s growth potential. However, what really drives us is the ability to bring together small businesses with small investors to support community growth and ethical investing.
